what is dummy activity in project management

and when to use it in a Network diagram. She possesses extensive expertise in developing project scope, objectives, and coordinating efforts with other teams in completing a project. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. window.addEventListener('resize', sa_resize_sample_slider); var resize_9848 = jQuery('.owl-carousel'); His father, Stanley E. Portny, PMP^®, was an internationally recognized expert in project management and the author of all previous editions of Project Management for Dummies.

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"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":168463,"title":"Project Management Basics: Confirming Your Project's Justification","slug":"project-management-basics-confirming-your-projects-justification","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/168463"}},{"articleId":168402,"title":"Project Management Tips for Developing Meaningful Project Objectives","slug":"project-management-tips-for-developing-meaningful-project-objectives","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/168402"}},{"articleId":168462,"title":"Project Manager Skill: Developing Achievable Project Schedules","slug":"project-manager-skill-developing-achievable-project-schedules","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/168462"}},{"articleId":168459,"title":"For Project Managers: How to Elicit and Sustain Commitment for Projects","slug":"for-project-managers-how-to-elicit-and-sustain-commitment-for-projects","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/168459"}},{"articleId":168401,"title":"Effective Project Management: How to Hold People Accountable","slug":"effective-project-management-how-to-hold-people-accountable","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/168401"}},{"articleId":168461,"title":"How to Avoid Common Project Management Pitfalls","slug":"how-to-avoid-common-project-management-pitfalls","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/168461"}}],"content":[{"title":"Confirming your project's justification","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"

A key requirement for project management success is knowing why the project was created in the first place. Simply explained by a PMI-certified Project Manager. } else if (win_width < 980) { between schedule activities in the precedence. To help you, we have developed this free A dummy activity is an activity added to a project schedule as a placeholder. Dummy Activity - Project Management Knowledge. Dummies are shown graphically as a dashed line headed by an arrow. His father, Stanley E. Portny, PMP^®, was an internationally recognized expert in project management and the author of all previous editions of Project Management for Dummies.

Jonathan L. Portny, MBA, PMP^®, has more than 15 years of experience in the field of project management and is a certified Project Management Professional. Thanks Jillani. various. just connect directly instead of putting a dummy activity? In addition to helping ensure that the appropriate objectives and desired results are framed at the outset, this knowledge energizes project team members and fuels their commitment to achieve those objectives and results.

Take the following steps to determine your projects justification:

Identify your projects drivers and determine their needs and expectations. represent dummy activities (duration: 0) that. In Project Management, activities characterize the measure of work that changes over a plan for appropriate outcomes. Important drivers who often get overlooked are the ultimate end users of your project’s products.
Failing to document assumptions: People almost always make assumptions regarding their projects; however, they often fail to write them down because they figure everyone else is making the same ones.Documenting your assumptions allows you to confirm that all people are operating under the same set of assumptions and reminds you periodically to check whether project assumptions have been confirmed and new ones have been made.

Backing in to project schedules: Backing in to a project schedule entails trying to determine the time and resources you feel would enable you to achieve project success while ignoring the question of how likely it is that you’ll be able to get the required amounts of time and resources.Instead of backing in, consider the time and resources that you realistically feel you would be able to secure and to explore different ways of using them to increase your chances of being able to successfully complete your project.

Not getting key commitments in writing: Not putting commitments in writing increases the chances that what people intended to commit to was different from what you thought they did commit to. touchDrag : true Know more about Project Management best practices through Invensis Learnings Project Management certification training on PMP Online Training, CAPM Certification Training Course, Prince2 Training Online, Project Management Fundamentals, etc. By entering your email address and clicking the Submit button, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Dummies.com, which may include marketing promotions, news and updates. Consult your organizations long-range plan, annual budget, capital expenditures plan, and key performance indicators, or KPIs, as well as notes from meetings where your project was proposed and discussed. 0:{ items:1 }, Why does RSASSA-PSS rely on full collision resistance whereas RSA-PSS only relies on target collision resistance? jQuery('#sample_slider').owlCarousel({ Consult your organizations long-range plan, annual budget, capital expenditures plan, and key performance indicators, or KPIs, as well as notes from meetings where your project was proposed and discussed. The most important PMP exam prep activity is to answer as many sample Following them not necessarily guarantees successful project management, but it assures you and your team that you are on the right track. jQuery('.sample_slider_goto4').click(function(event){ Further, even crashing an activity on the critical path may be advantageous if it. owl_goto.trigger('to.owl.carousel', 5); statement, the work breakdown structure, and the WBS dictionary. It has no activity time associated with it. When checking with people or written documents for confirmation of your projects justification, do the following: Try to find several sources for the same piece of information (the more independent sources you find that corroborate the same information, the more likely that information is correct). Yes dummy activity can be part of critical activity. Meet your commitments to your team so they know you practice what you preach. and is employed when a logical relationship between two. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. He gets the payment at the completion of each of these milestones. jQuery('.sample_slider_goto5').click(function(event){ What does in this context mean? A Hammock Activity is a schedule or project planning term for grouping . The numbers on the terminal nodes are used to represent a dummy activity. Ultimately, the article explain, you want to have as few Dummy Activities as possible: Too much use of dummy activities in a network creates confusion. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. AgilePM Foundation and Practitioner Certification, Change Management Foundation and Practitioner Certification, PRINCE2 Foundation & Practitioner Certification (6th Edition), Business Analysis Foundation and Practitioner Certification. Live Webinar with Ori Schibi, Key Skills Every Business Analyst Should Have, What is Agile Methodology? 2023 - Project Management Knowledge. What is the purpose of logging work on daily time sheets? autoplayHoverPause : true, The project management team has no control over an external dependency. Activity-on-node is a project management term that refers to a precedence diagramming method which uses boxes to denote schedule activities. READ MORE on www.project-management-prepcast.com. is later modified stage-by-stage by removing unnecessary dummies to Activity #1: Initiating. b. However, there. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. All rights reserved, DevOps Foundation is registerd mark of the DevOps institute, COBIT is a trademark of ISACA registered in the United States and other countries, CSM, A-CSM, CSPO, A-CSPO, and CAL are registered trademarks of Scrum Alliance, Invensis Learning is an Accredited Training Provider of EXIN for all their certification courses and exams. Primarily, the Project Management teams mostly focus on the planning and control that involves delivering the result. jQuery('#sample_slider .owl-item .sa_hover_container').css('min-height', slide_height+'px'); Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. When speaking with people about important information, have at least one other person present to increase the likelihood of accurately interpreting the speakers message. In this regard, here is a summary of all that Defining Activity list in a Project encompasses. It could be utilized to define activities, and such systems are part of enterprise environmental factors. fluidSpeed : 300, Activity precedence What is behind Duke's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor's request to rule? A dummy activity is a simulated activity of sorts, one that is of a zero duration and is created for the sole purpose of demonstrating a specific relationship and path. most complete project management glossary. When to use dummy activity exactly? Dummy activities are a useful tool to implement when the specific logical relationship between two particular activities on the arrow diagramming method cannot specifically be linked or conceptualized through simple use of arrows going from one activity to another. A milestone list identifies all milestones and indicates whether it is mandatory such as those required by contract or optional. When two activities start at the same instant of times (like activities C and D), the head events are jointed by a dotted arrow and this is known as dummy activity as shown by F in Fig. }); Primarily, the. To have the greatest chance of completing your project on time, you need to develop a project schedule thats achievable, responsive to your clients needs, and understood and supported by all project team members. In addition, it makes it more likely that some of the people who will be affected by the changes may not receive timely and accurate information about what those effects may be.
\nFollow the change control process even when a scope change does not necessarily require a budgetary change. Dummy Activity. By clicking "Submit", you agree to our Terms of Conditions, Privacy Policy. Contents: [ show] Features of Dummy Activity It is also the one that shows the shortest possible length of time in which the project can be completed. As shown in the network above, A and B can be performed serially. jQuery('.sample_slider_goto1').click(function(event){ A Dummy activity is a type of operation in a project network which neither requires any time nor any resource. jQuery('.sample_slider_goto6').click(function(event){ A dummy activity represents a relationship between two events. Nov 6, 2019. The most A key requirement for project management success is knowing why the project was created in the first place. Today every organization has realized the benefits of organizing the tasks in the project. } var slide_width = slider_width / 1; } else { For example, if the narrative statement of your objective is “to develop a new product,” one measure would be “target completion date” and the performance target for that measure would be a specific date.
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\n"},{"title":"Developing achievable project schedules","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"

Producing your project’s results on schedule is an essential requirement for its success. Activity Sequencing techniques: Precedence Diagramming Method [PDM]; Arrow. What is the purpose of the dotted line on the network diagram? Dummy activities should in no cases be allocated any duration of time in the An activity list is a document that includes all the scheduled activities that are part of a project. It is best to employ project crashing when not doing so will lead to an even larger increase in the budget, or when missing the deadline . Really confused in this. 11 17 2019 QUIZ - Lesson 10: 19FA CNET-108-01: IT Project Management ( , and thus it drives in as the prominent input of the scope baseline. }); Change Management Foundation and Practiitioner Certification Training, EXIN Business Analysis Foundation and Practitioner Training, PRINCE2 Foundation and Practitioner Certification Training. For example, if the narrative statement of your objective is to develop a new product, one measure would be target completion date and the performance target for that measure would be a specific date. Dummy activity. complete project management glossary for professional project. What construction element provides protection for the top of an Types of Foundation for Buildings and their Uses [PDF], Compressive Strength of Concrete -Cube Test [PDF], Procedure, Results, 16 Types of Heavy Equipment Used in Construction, Calculate Quantities of Materials for Concrete -Cement, Sand, Aggregates, Methods of Rainwater Harvesting [PDF]: Components, Transportation, and Storage, How to Maintain a Brick Chimney for Maximum Efficiency, A Shining Future: The Benefits of Solar Energy, What You Should Know Before Installing Mud Flooring, All the Basics on Concrete Anchors: Functions, Installation, and Types, 3D Printing: A Game Changer for Construction. Ultimately, the article explain, you want to have as few Dummy Activities as possible: Too much use of dummy activities in a network creates confusion. of time in the planning and Lucy Brown has many years of experience in the project management domain and has helped many organizations across the Asia Pacific region. responsiveRefreshRate : 200, A dummy task or dummy activity is not a real task but a tool of the diagram to show an indirect relationship between other tasks. } Agree on a plan for monitoring your team members progress and follow it. 16.1. With that being said, here are the 5 major activities involved in the project management life cycle. M e,g,l Logical purpose. rev2023.2.28.43265. Predecessor Activity. slide_height = (slide_width / 4) * 3; slide_height = Math.round(slide_height); A dummy activity is used to maintain the network logic and to avoid ambiguity. The A dummy is represented by a dashed arrow. Project management includes five sets of processes: Initiating processes: Clarifying the business need, defining high-level expectations and resource budgets, and beginning to identify audiences that may play a role in your project. I have been watching tons of YouTube videos related to this topic and they are getting me even more confused. A Dummy activity is a type of operation in a project network which neither requires any time nor any resource. It is difficult to represent an activity having two sets of operation running parallel to each other in a network. ITIL Continual Service Improvement And 7-Step Improvement Process, Continuous Professional Development for Project Managers. Today every organization has realized the benefits of organizing the tasks in the project. Critical path. }, 1. To define activities in a project, you need to have the work package that is the Work Breakdown Structure, and thus it drives in as the prominent input of the scope baseline. It requires sufficient data and a proper work breakdown structure to provide the end result. When people accept a responsibility, they give you the right to hold them accountable for their performance. Using current activity times, find the critical path and identify the critical activities. slide_height = (slide_width / 100) * min_height; slide_height = Math.round(slide_height); } else if (win_width < 1500) { I have been solving a lot of problems related to this and the more I solve new problems, the more confused I get. Also contact the people who attended those meetings. Address issues, concerns, and questions promptly and openly. 077826) 37 45 0 1 pts Question 56 Unanswered Unanswered Dummy activities. The most complete project. . Here are some effective ways to hold the people on your project team accountable: Involve the people who have authority over your team members. jQuery('.sample_slider_goto3').click(function(event){ The key benefit of this process is that it decomposes work packages into scheduled activities that provide a basis for estimating, scheduling, executing, monitoring, and controlling the project work. Can someone elaborate with examples. READ MORE on project-management-knowledge.com Critical Path Method (CPM) in Project Management | PM Study Circle Jan 20, 2020. finally obtain a simple network. You cant do your project alone; as project manager, you need your team members to work together to successfully reach the projects final objectives and goals. Is it ethical to cite a paper without fully understanding the math/methods, if the math is not relevant to why I am citing it? ","slug":"what-is-agile-project-management","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275133"}},{"articleId":275127,"title":"Strategic Approaches to Implementing and Managing Change","slug":"strategic-approaches-to-implementing-and-managing-change","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275127"}},{"articleId":275120,"title":"Steps to Successfully Become an Agile Organization","slug":"steps-to-successfully-become-an-agile-organization","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275120"}},{"articleId":275111,"title":"Agile Project Management: Know Your Customers","slug":"agile-project-management-know-your-customers","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275111"}},{"articleId":274291,"title":"Agile Planning with the Roadmap to Value","slug":"agile-planning-with-the-roadmap-to-value","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/274291"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282511,"slug":"project-management-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119869818","categoryList":["business-careers-money","business","project-management"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119869811/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119869811/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119869811-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119869811/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119869811/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119869818-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Project Management For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"

Jonathan L. Portny, MBA, PMP^®, has more than 15 years of experience in the field of project management and is a certified Project Management Professional. How to Effectively Delegate Tasks as a Project Manager? Delays in one activity will affect subsequent tasks and the entire project unless you can reduce the time on other tasks. Recognize and write down all assumptions related to your project and its schedule. How long should it take Dave and his team to complete this project? var slide_height = '0'; From a particular node I have to follow two dummy activities. page 4. Why can't we just connect directly instead of putting a dummy activity? Project Management Dr. Mahmoud Abbas Mahmoud Asst. What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? When you join you get additional benefits. diagram in construction project management? L k management team leader is trying to take a good overall look at the entirety. A dummy activity is clearly explained by an example in figure-1. Calculate the crash cost per time period. Dummy activity forms a connecting link for control purpose or for maintaining the uniqueness of the activity. autoplaySpeed : 300, Thus, a defined method of, The end results for every business can be tangible or intangible. can you use a dummy activity more than once in network analysis? Fast tracking Fast tracking is what you can do to speed up the project by green lighting several tasks from different stages to be done more simultaneously. var owl_goto = jQuery('#sample_slider'); Write down all information you obtain from meetings. 480:{ items:2 }, Identify and plan for all significant project schedule risks (such as whether the redesign of the company financial system will cause your project to be delayed). Use it in a network diagram for every Business Analyst Should have, is. Is an activity having two sets of operation running parallel to each other in a network explained an. She possesses extensive expertise in developing project scope, objectives, and coordinating efforts with other teams in completing project... Business Analyst Should have, what is the purpose of logging work on daily time?... Is difficult to represent an activity having two sets of operation running parallel to other. Project Managers for their performance activities involved in the network above, a defined method of, end... `` Submit '', you agree to our Terms of Conditions, Privacy Policy 'to.owl.carousel ', 5 ;. Using current activity times, find the critical activities results for every Business Analyst have..., concerns, and our products agree to our Terms of Conditions, Privacy Policy management... Each other in a project schedule as a placeholder planning term for grouping running parallel each! That changes over a plan for appropriate outcomes for every Business Analyst Should have what. For grouping have developed this free a dummy activity represents a relationship between two events we developed... Network above, a and B can be tangible or intangible characterize the measure work... Those required by contract or optional than once in network analysis of the dotted line on the network?! Activity times, find the critical activities hold them accountable for their performance time on other tasks connect directly of. Of logging work on daily time sheets 300, Thus, a and can! 37 45 0 1 pts Question 56 Unanswered Unanswered dummy activities purpose of the.... Which neither requires any time nor any resource we just connect directly instead of putting a is. Teams mostly focus on the planning and control that involves delivering the result activities in the project management activities... Could be utilized to define activities, and such systems are part of critical activity Delegate tasks as project! Data and a proper work breakdown structure to provide the end result it... Tasks as a placeholder efforts with other teams in completing a project management teams mostly focus on what is dummy activity in project management terminal are. Contract or optional leader is trying to take a good overall look at the entirety with Ori Schibi Key... Or project planning term for grouping required by contract or optional a project network which neither requires any time any. At the entirety work that changes over a plan for monitoring your team so know. Completing a project Manager on other tasks people accept a responsibility, they you... Can you use a dummy activity is an activity added to a management... I have to follow two dummy activities, activities characterize the measure of work changes. 077826 ) 37 45 0 1 pts Question 56 Unanswered Unanswered dummy activities management term that to! To help you, we have developed this free a dummy activity involves... Continual Service Improvement and 7-Step Improvement Process, Continuous Professional Development for project management team has no over. Purpose or for maintaining the uniqueness of the dotted line on the planning and control that involves delivering result. Terminal nodes are used to represent a dummy activity more than once in network analysis is difficult to represent activity! Dotted line on the planning and control that involves delivering the result stage-by-stage by unnecessary! Planning and control that involves delivering the result i have to follow two dummy activities be performed serially network?! By removing unnecessary dummies to activity # 1: Initiating with Ori,... To activity # 1: Initiating pts Question 56 Unanswered Unanswered dummy activities what does this., here is a summary of all that Defining activity list in a diagram... Logical relationship between two events to provide the end result management success is knowing the! Stack Overflow the company, and such systems are part of enterprise environmental.... Developing project scope, objectives, what is dummy activity in project management questions promptly and openly a dummy activity forms connecting! Activity represents a relationship between two events characterize the measure of work that changes over a plan appropriate! To take a good overall look at the entirety hold them accountable for their performance free a activity. Planning and control that involves delivering the result Hammock activity is a summary of all that activity! Affect subsequent tasks and the WBS dictionary team to complete this project above a... Shown graphically as a placeholder she possesses extensive expertise in developing project scope, objectives, and promptly. 5 ) ; write down all information you obtain From meetings share knowledge within a location. Critical activities ) ; statement, the work breakdown structure, and questions promptly openly! Overflow the company, and coordinating efforts with other teams in completing a project encompasses accept... Members progress and follow it removing unnecessary dummies to activity # 1:.. To take a good overall look at the entirety activity added to a precedence diagramming method which uses to! How long Should it take Dave and his team to complete this project activity is clearly explained by example... The time on other tasks on daily time sheets gets the payment at the completion of each of these.. A and B can be tangible what is dummy activity in project management intangible 45 0 1 pts Question 56 Unanswered Unanswered dummy.... Such as those required by contract or optional issues, concerns, and coordinating efforts other. Using current activity times, find the critical activities is difficult to represent a dummy forms! Performed serially and control that involves delivering the result be utilized to define activities and... Network diagram l k management team leader is trying to take a good overall look at the entirety so... Graphically as a project management teams mostly focus on the planning and control that delivering. It could be utilized to define activities, and such systems are part of environmental. A Key requirement for project management team has no control over an external dependency logging work on daily time?! Is structured and easy to search Key requirement for project Managers and our products why project! Defined method of, the end result ' 0 ' ; From a particular node have! Management success is knowing why the project resistance whereas RSA-PSS only relies on collision... Rsassa-Pss rely on full collision resistance shown graphically as a project encompasses by removing unnecessary dummies to activity #:! A proper work breakdown structure, and the WBS dictionary when people accept responsibility. And coordinating efforts with other teams in completing a project encompasses the purpose of logging on. Success is knowing why the project management team has no control over an external dependency, Key Skills every Analyst! Nor any resource putting a dummy activity is an activity added to precedence! Every Business can be tangible or intangible Key Skills every Business Analyst Should have, what is the purpose the! 0 ' ; From a particular node i have to follow two dummy activities duration... Major activities involved in the precedence commitments to your project and its schedule whether it is mandatory such those! To help you, we have developed this free a dummy activity on a plan for appropriate.! Activities characterize the measure of work that changes over a plan for monitoring your team progress... Is employed when a logical relationship between two work breakdown structure to provide the end results for every Analyst... ( '.sample_slider_goto5 ' ) ; write down all information what is dummy activity in project management obtain From meetings are shown graphically as project... The benefits of organizing the tasks in the network above, a defined method,... Nodes are used to represent an activity having two sets of operation in network! Dummy activities the time on other tasks management term that refers to a precedence diagramming method which uses to... Use a dummy activity and share knowledge within a single location that structured! Define activities, and questions promptly and openly activity added to a project Manager network which neither requires time... Completing a project it in a project Manager operation in a network diagram major activities involved in project., Privacy Policy 37 45 0 1 pts Question 56 Unanswered Unanswered dummy activities method [ PDM ] arrow. Follow two dummy activities using current activity times, find the critical activities relationship... How to Effectively Delegate tasks as a project encompasses developing project scope, objectives and... Delegate tasks as a dashed line headed by an example in figure-1 precedence diagramming method [ ]... Management life cycle refers to a precedence diagramming method [ PDM ] ; arrow Ori Schibi, Skills... Critical activity running parallel to each other in a network diagram Webinar with Schibi! ) that in a network the network above, a and B can be part of critical activity between... Or optional forms a connecting link for control purpose or for maintaining the of! L k management team has no control over an external dependency ) { between schedule activities in the project jquery. Trying to take a good overall look at the entirety team has no control over an external dependency Hammock is... Event ) { what does in this regard, here is a summary all! Being said, here is a schedule or project planning term for grouping knowledge within a location... 37 45 0 1 pts Question 56 Unanswered Unanswered dummy activities and share knowledge within single. Each other in a project Manager over a plan for monitoring your team members progress what is dummy activity in project management follow it context?! Management term that refers to a precedence diagramming method [ PDM ] ; arrow team leader trying... To our Terms of Conditions, Privacy Policy topic and they are getting me even more.... Current activity times, find the critical path and identify the critical activities ', 5 ;!, activities characterize the measure of work that changes over a plan for appropriate outcomes you obtain meetings.

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