Daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of others. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. For this purpose, 23 studies with 2167 patients were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that a daily dose of more than 54 mg could decrease the endometrial thickness in North American women, whereas the contrary effect was observed in the Asian sample. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. Grosso G., Godos J., Lamuela-Raventos R., Ray S., Micek A., Pajak A., Sciacca S., DOrazio N., Del Rio D., Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. However, more studies are required to provide stronger evidence. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. In this revision, three systematic reviews and five meta-analyses were included to explore the association of isoflavones and markers related to CVDs (Table 3). Regarding endometrial cancer, three prospective and five case-control studies were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial cancer risk associated with isoflavone consumption. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. In addition, Qiu et al. ); sue.uhe@zednanref.oderfla (A.F.-Q. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Discover world-changing science. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Sulfation of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in human and rat liver and gastrointestinal tract. In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. Inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. government site. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Rienks et al. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Effects of isoflavones in menopausal symptoms. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Produced metabolites appear in plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [28]. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. Accessibility Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. That soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints a approach... Absorption [ 32 ] follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials gut bacterial metabolism the... The onset of soy isoflavone: a meta-analysis and systematic review on vasomotor suggests. Both populations slight improvement in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of.. 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